"the holding and defending of opinions contrary to those generally prevalent," 1640s; see paradox + -logy.

"the study of the cells of organisms," 1857, from cyto- "cell" + -logy. Related: Cytologist (1884); cytological.

"the science of muscles," 1640s; see myo- + -logy. Related: Myologist; myological.

"scientific study of the kidney," 1839, from nephro- "kidney" + -logy. Related: Nephrologist.

"the study of fungi," 1822, from myco- + -logy. Related: Mycological; mycologist.

"the science of the development of embryos," 1825, from stem of embryon (see embryo) + -logy. Related: Embryologist (c. 1850).

"the study of cetaceous animals," 1815, from combining form of Cetacea + -logy. Related: Cetologist.

1935, from combining form of virus + -logy. Related: Virological.

"omission of one occurrence of a sound or syllable that is repeated in a word," 1893; see haplo- + -logy.