philosophy (n.)

14世纪 ， philosophie ，"知识、学问、学术、学术著作、知识体系"，来源于古法语 filosofie "哲学、知识"(12世纪，现代法语 philosophie )，直接来源于拉丁语 philosophia, ，来源于希腊语 philosophia "热爱知识，追求智慧；系统的调查"，来源于 philo- "热爱"(见 philo- )+ sophia "知识、智慧"，来源于 sophis "聪明、有学问；"是一个来源不明的词[Beekes]。在中古英语( filozofie, phelosophie ，等)中有许多拼写变体。

从14世纪中叶作为"处理理性推测或沉思的学科"；从14世纪晚期作为"自然科学"，也有"炼金术、神秘知识"；在中世纪，这个词被理解为包含所有的推测科学。意为"一个人形成的生活行为系统"，从1771年开始得到证明。现代意义上的"最高真理的主体，最基本事务的科学"来自1794年。

Nec quicquam aliud est philosophia, si interpretari velis, praeter studium sapientiae; sapientia autem est rerum divinarum et humanarum causarumque quibus eae res continentur scientia. [Cicero, "De Officiis" ]

[Philosophical problems] are, of course, not empirical problems; but they are solved through an insight into the workings of our language, and that in such a way that these workings are recognized — despite an urge to misunderstand them. The problems are solved, not through the contribution of new knowledge, rather through the arrangement of things long familiar. Philosophy is a struggle against the bewitchment ( Verhexung ) of our understanding by the resources of our language. [Ludwig Wittgenstein, "Philosophical Investigations," 1953]