- stun
- c.1300, "to daze or render unconscious" (from a blow, powerful emotion, etc.), probably aphetic of O.Fr. estoner "to stun" (see astonish). Stunning popularized for "splendid, excellent" c.1849.
- astound
- c.1600, from M.E. astouned, astoned (c.1300), pp. of astonien "to stun" (see astonish), with more of the original sense of V.L. *extonare.
- astonish
- mid-14c., astonien, from O.Fr. estoner "to stun, daze, deafen, astound," from V.L. *extonare, from L. ex- "out" + tonare "to thunder" (see thunder); so, lit. "to leave someone thunderstruck." The modern form (infl. by Eng. verbs in -ish, e.g. distinguish, diminish) is attested from c.1530. Related: Astonishment (1590s).
"No wonder is thogh that she were astoned" [Chaucer, "Clerk's Tale"]
- dwell
- O.E. dwellan "to mislead, deceive," originally "to make a fool of, lead astray," from P.Gmc. *dwaljanan (cf. O.N. dvöl "delay," dvali "sleep;" M.Du. dwellen "to stun, make giddy, perplex;" Dan. dvale "trance, stupor," dvaelbćr "narcotic berry," source of M.E. dwale "nightshade"), from PIE *dhwel-. Related to O.E. gedweola "error, heresy, madness." Sense shifted in M.E. through "hinder, delay," to "linger" (c.1200, as still in phrase to dwell upon), to "make a home" (c.1250). Dwelling "place of residence" is attested from 1340.
- knock (v.)
- O.E. cnocian (W.Saxon cnucian), likely of imitative origin. Meaning "deprecate, put down" is from 1892. Knockoff "cheap imitation" is from 1966. Knock out "to stun by a blow for a 10-count" in boxing is short for to knock out of time; slang knockout "attractive person" is from 1892. To knock oneself out "make a great effort" is from 1936. Knock-kneed first attested 1774. Command knock it off "stop it" is first recorded 1902. Knocker "door banger" is from 1598; knockers "a woman's breasts" is from 1941. Knock up is 1663 in sense of "arouse by knocking at the door;" however it is little used in this sense in Amer.Eng., where the phrase means "get a woman pregnant" (1813), possibly ult. from knock "to copulate with" (1598; cf. slang knocking-shop "brothel," 1860).
"Knocked up in the United States, amongst females, the phrase is equivalent to being enciente, so that Englishmen often unconsciously commit themselves when amongst our Yankee cousins." [John Camden Hotten, "The Slang Dictionary," London, 1860]