Online Etymology Dictionary

greens: "vegetables," 1725, from green. Greens "ecology political party," first recorded 1978, from Ger. die Grünen (West Germany), an outgrowth of Grüne Aktion Zukunft "Green Campaign for the Future," a mainly anti-nuclear power movement, and/or grüne Listen "green lists" (of environmental candidates). Green (adj.) in the sense of "environmental" is attested from 1972; Greenpeace, the international conservation and environmental protection group, is from 1971.
green: O.E. grene, earlier groeni, related to O.E. growan "to grow," from W.Gmc. *gronja- (cf. O.Fris. grene, O.N. grænn, Dan. grøn, Du. groen, Ger. grün), from PIE base *gro- "grow," through sense of "color of living plants." The color of jealousy at least since Shakespeare (1596); "Greensleeves," ballad of an inconstant lady-love, is from 1580. Meaning of "a field, grassy place" was in O.E. Sense of "of tender age, youthful" is from 1412; hence "gullible" (1605). Greenhorn (containing the sense of "new, fresh, recent") was first "young horned animal" (1455), then "recently enlisted soldier" (1650), then "any inexperienced person" (1682). Green light in figurative sense of "permission" is from 1937. Green and red as signals on railways first attested 1883, as nighttime substitutes for semaphore flags. Green beret originally "British commando" is from 1949. Green room "room for actors when not on stage" is from 1701; presumably a well-known one was painted green.
greenback: "U.S. dollar bill," 1862, so called from the time of their introduction; bank paper money printed in green ink had been called this since 1778 (as opposed to redbacks, etc.).
Greenwich: "town on the south bank of the Thames adjoining London," O.E. Grenewic (964), lit. "Green Harbor." The Royal Observatory there founded June 22, 1675, by King Charles II specifically to solve the problem of finding longitude while at sea. In October 1884, at the behest of the President of the U.S.A., 41 delegates from 25 nations met in Washington, D.C., for the International Meridian Conference. They decided to adopt a single world meridian, passing through the principal Transit Instrument at the observatory at Greenwich, as the basis of calculation for all longitude and a worldwide 24-hour clock. The Greenwich motion passed 22-1; San Domingo voted against it; France and Brazil abstained. Greenwich Village quarter of New York City has been symbolic of "American bohemia" since 1924.
verdant: 1581, "green," from M.Fr. virdeant "becoming green," prp. of O.Fr. verdeiier "become green," from V.L. *viridiare "grow green, make green," from L. viridis "green" (see verdure).
Chloe: fem. proper name, from Gk. Khloe, lit. "young green shoot;" related to khloros "greenish-yellow," from PIE *ghlo- var. of base *ghel-, a color word that has yielded words for both "yellow" (cf. L. helvus "yellowish, bay," Gallo-L. gilvus "light bay;" Lith. geltonas "yellow;" O.C.S. zlutu, Pol. zolty, Rus. zeltyj "yellow;" Skt. harih "yellow, tawny yellow," hiranyam "gold;" Avestan zari "yellow;" O.E. geolu, geolwe, Mod. Eng. yellow, Ger. gelb "yellow") and "green" (cf. L. galbus "greenish-yellow;" Gk. khloros "greenish-yellow color," kholos "bile;" Lith. zalias "green," zelvas "greenish;" O.C.S. zelenu, Pol. zielony, Rus. zelenyj "green;" O.Ir. glass, Welsh, Breton glas "green," also "grey, blue"). Buck says the interchange of words for yellow and green is "perhaps because they were applied to vegetation like grass, cereals, etc., which changed from green to yellow." It is possible that this whole group of yellow-green words is related to PIE base *ghlei- "to shine, glitter, glow, be warm" (see gleam).
verdure: c.1300, "fresh green color," from O.Fr. verdure "greenness," from verd, variant of vert "green," from L. viridis (cf. Sp., It. verde), related to virere "be green," of unknown origin. Perhaps ult. from a root meaning "growing plant" and cognate with Lith. veisti "propagate," O.N. visir "bud, sprout," O.E. wise "sprout, stalk, etc." Meaning "green plants, vegetation" is attested from c.1400.
gaudy: 1520s, from M.E. gaud "deception, trick," also "ornamental bead, rosary" (c.1300), possibly from Anglo-Fr. gaudir "be merry, scoff," from L. gaudere "rejoice." Alternative (less likely) etymology is from M.E. gaudy-green "yellowish-green," originally "green dye" obtained from a plant formerly known as weld, from a Gmc. source (see weld (n.)), which became gaude in Old French. The English term supposedly shifted sense from "weld-dye" to "bright." Related: Gaudily; gaudiness.
praseodymium: rare metallic element, 1885, coined in Mod.L. by discoverer Carl Auer von Welsbach (1858-1929) from Gk. prasios "leek-green" (from prason "leek") + L. (di)dymium "double." So called from the green color of the salts it forms.
celadon: "pale grayish-green," 1768, from Fr. Céladon, name of a character in the romance of "l'Astrée" by Honoré d'Urfé (1610), a sentimental lover who wore bright green clothes, after Gk. Keladon, a character in Ovid's "Metamorphoses."
squash (n.): "gourd fruit," 1643, shortened borrowing from Narraganset (Algonquian) askutasquash, lit. "the green things that may be eaten raw," from askut "green, raw" + asquash "eaten," in which the -ash is a plural affix (cf. succotash).
glass: O.E. glæs, from W.Gmc. *glasam (cf. M.Du. glas, Ger. Glas), from P.Gmc. base *gla-/*gle-, from PIE *gel-/*ghel- "to shine, glitter, be green or yellow," a color word that is the root of words for grey, blue, green, and yellow (cf. O.E. glær "amber," L. glaesum "amber," O.Ir. glass "green, blue, gray," Welsh glas "blue"). Sense of "drinking glass" is early 13c.; glasses for "spectacles" is 1660s. The glass slipper in "Cinderella" is probably an error by Charles Perrault, translating in 1697, mistaking O.Fr. voir "ermine, fur" for verre "glass." In other versions of the tale it is a fur slipper. Glass ceiling first recorded 1990.
thallium: rare metallic element, 1861, Mod.L., from Gk. thallos "young shoot, green branch," so called by its discoverer, Sir William Crookes (1832-1919), from the green line in its spectrum. Gk. thallos is related to thalia "abundance," thalos "scion, child," ult. from PIE base *dhal- "to bloom" (cf. O.Ir. duilesc, a type of algae).
aquamarine: 1590s, "bluish-green type of beryl," from Fr. or Prov., from L. aqua marina "sea water," from aqua "water" + marina, fem. of marinus "of the sea." Apparently first used as a description of a bluish-green color by John Ruskin, 1846. Abbreviation aqua is attested from 1936.
Glasgow: from Gael., lit. "green hollow," from gael "green" + cau "hollow."
beryllium: metallic element, 1863, so called because it figures in the composition of beryl and was obtained by isolation from emerald (green beryl) in 1797 by Fr. chemist Louis Nicolas Vauquelin (1763-1829).
folic: in ref. to type of acid, 1941, coined from L. folium "leaf" (see folio); so called for its abundance in green leaves, such as those of spinach.
Vermont: U.S. state, 1777, name is based on Fr. for "Green Mountain," but perhaps was formed by one with limited knowledge of Fr., where the correct form would be Mont Vert (as in the Fr. village of Pont-de-Montvert).
evergreen: 1640s, in reference to trees and shrubs, from ever + green. Figurative sense from 1796.
Kelly: common Irish surname, from O.Ir. ceallach "war." As a type of pool played with 15 balls, it is attested from 1898. Kelly green first recorded 1936.
pulsar: 1968, from pulse, the form on analogy of quasar. When discovered in 1967, they were thought perhaps to be signals from alien civilizations and astronomers informally dubbed them LGM for "Little Green Men."
chlorine: coined 1810 by Sir Humphry Davy (1778-1829) from Gk. khloros "pale green" (see Chloe). Named for its color. Discovered 1774, but known at first as oxymuriatic acid gas.
patchouli: perfume made from an Indian plant of the mint family, 1845, from the native name for the plant in Madras, said to be from Tamil pachchai "green" + ilai "leaf." The form of the word appears Fr., but this has not been explained and the record of it in Eng. predates that in Fr.
costard: late 13c., coster, perhaps from Anglo-Fr. or O.Fr. coste "rib" (from L. costa "rib"). A kind of large apple with prominent "ribs," i.e. one having a shape more like a green pepper than a plain, round apple. Also applied derisively to "the head." Common 14c.-17c. but limited to fruit-growers afterward.
vireo: 1834, from L. vireo, a word Pliny uses for some kind of bird, perhaps the greenfinch, from virere "be green" (see verdure). Applied in modern times to an Amer. bird.
Cloris: fem. proper name, from L. Chloris, L. form of Gk. Khloros, goddess of flowers, later identified with Roman Flora. The Gk. word is related to khloe "young green shoot" (see Chloe).
cerulean: 1667, from L. cæruleus "blue, dark blue, blue-green," probably from cælulum dim. of cælum "heaven, sky," of uncertain origin (see celestial). The L. word was applied by Roman authors to the sky, the Mediterranean, and occasionally to leaves or fields.
fiddler: O.E. fiðelere (see fiddle). Fiddler's Green first recorded 1825, from sailors' slang. Fiddler crab is from 1714.
verdigris: 1300, from O.Fr. verte grez (13c.), verte de Grece (c.1170), lit. "green of Greece," from obs. Fr. verd, from L. viridis (see verdure). The reason for it being called that is not known.
chlorophyll: 1819, from Fr. chlorophyle (1818), coined by Fr. chemists Pierre-Joseph Pelletier (1788-1842) and Joseph Bienaimé Caventou (1795-1877) from Gk. khloros "pale green" (see Chloe) + phyllon "a leaf" (see folio).
vervet: African monkey, 1884, from Fr., of unknown origin, perhaps short for vert grivet, lit. "a green grivet," indicating it was greener than the kind of monkey known as a grivet (itself a name of unknown origin).
galoot: "awkward or boorish man," 1812, nautical, "raw recruit, green hand," originally a sailor's contemptuous word for soldiers or marines, of uncertain origin. "Dictionary of American Slang" proposes galut, Sierra Leone creole form of Sp. galeoto "galley slave." Perhaps rather Du. slang kloot "testicle," klootzak "scrotum," used figuratively as an insult.
bice: "pale blue color," early 15c., short form blew bis "blue bice," from Fr. bis "swarthy, brownish-grey," cognate with It. bigio; of unknown origin. Via French combinations azur bis, vert bis the word came into English with a sense of "blue" or "green."
wig: 1675, shortened form of periwig. Meaning "person who wears a wig (professionally)" is from 1828. The verb meaning "to behave hysterically" (usually with out) is attested from 1955, from notion in to flip one's wig. Cf. dash my wig!, a former mild imprecation (1797), also wigs on the green (1856), Ir. colloquial for "a fight or rumble" (since wigs are likely to get detached from owners in such an event).
chartreuse: type of liqueur, 1866, from monastery of Carthusian order, which was founded 11c. and named for the massif de la Chartreuse (M.L. Carthusianus) mountain group in the Fr. Alps, where its first monastery was built. The liqueur recipe dates from early 17c.; the original now marketed as Les Pères Chartreux. The color (1884) is so called from resemblance to the pale apple-green hue of the best type of the liqueur.
jaundice: c.1300, from O.Fr. jaunisse "yellowness" (12c.), from jaune "yellow," from L. galbinus "greenish yellow," probably from PIE *ghel- "yellow, green" (see Chloe). With intrusive -d- (cf. gender, astound, thunder). Meaning "feeling in which views are colored or distorted" first recorded 1629, from yellow's association with bitterness and envy (see yellow).
moist: late 14c., from O.Fr. moiste "damp," from V.L. *muscidus "moldy," also "wet," from L. mucidus "slimy, moldy, musty," from mucus "slime" (see mucus). Alternative etymology is from L. musteus "fresh, green, new," lit. "like new wine," from musteum "new wine" (see must (n.1)). If this wasn't the source, it influenced the form of the other word in Old French.
glaucoma: 1640s, from Gk. glaukoma "cataract, opacity of the lens" (cataracts and glaucoma not distinguished until c.1705), from -oma + glaukos, an adj. of uncertain origin, used in Homer of the sea as "gleaming, silvery" (apparently without a color connotation); used later with a sense of "bluish-green, gray," of olive leaves and eyes. Homer's glauk-opis Athene could be a "bright-eyed" or a "gray-eyed" goddess. Gk. for "owl" was glauk- from its bright, staring eyes.
blue (1): c.1300, bleu, blwe, etc., from O.Fr. blo "pale, pallid, wan, light-colored; blond; discolored; blue, blue-gray," from Frankish *blao, from P.Gmc. *blæwaz (cf. O.E. blaw, O.S., O.H.G. blao, Dan. blaa, Swed. blå, O.Fris. blau, M.Du. bla, Du. blauw, Ger. blau "blue"), from PIE *bhle-was "light-colored, blue, blond, yellow." "The exact color to which the Gmc. term applies varies in the older dialects; M.H.G. bla is also "yellow," whereas the Scandinavian words may refer esp. to a deep, swarthy black, e.g. O.N. blamaðr, N.Icel. blamaður 'Negro' " [Buck]. Replaced O.E. blaw, from the same PIE root, which also yielded L. flavus "yellow," O.Sp. blavo "yellowish-gray," Gk. phalos "white," Welsh blawr "gray," O.N. bla "livid" (the meaning in black and blue), showing the usual slippery definition of color words in I.E. The present spelling is since 16c., from French influence (Mod.Fr. bleu).
"Few words enter more largely into the composition of slang, and colloquialisms bordering on slang, than does the word BLUE. Expressive alike of the utmost contempt, as of all that men hold dearest and love best, its manifold combinations, in ever varying shades of meaning, greet the philologist at every turn." [John S. Farmer, "Slang and Its Analogues Past and Present," 1890, p.252]
The color of constancy since Chaucer at least, but apparently for no deeper reason than the rhyme in true blue (c.1500). From early times blue was the distinctive color of the dress of servants, which may be the reason police uniforms are blue, a tradition Farmer dates to Elizabethan times. For blue ribbon see cordon bleu under cordon. Many IE languages seem to have had a word to describe the color of the sea, encompasing blue and green and gray; e.g. Ir. glass (see Chloe); O.E. hæwen "blue, gray," related to har (see hoar); Serbo-Cr. sinji "gray-blue, sea-green;" Lith. šyvas, Rus. sivyj "gray."
gall (1): "bile," O.E. galla (Anglian), gealla (W. Saxon), from P.Gmc. *gallon- (cf. O.N. gall, O.H.G. galla), from PIE base *ghol-/*ghel- "gold, yellow, yellowish-green" (cf. Gk. khole, see cholera; L. fel; perhaps also O.E. geolo "yellow," Gk. khloros). Informal sense of "impudence, boldness" first recorded Amer.Eng. 1882; but meaning "embittered spirit, rancor" is from c.1200. Gall bladder recorded from 1670s.
foyer: 1859, from Fr. foyer "green room, room for actors when not on stage," lit. "fireplace," from O.Fr. foyer, from L. focarius "having to do with the hearth," from focus "hearth, fireplace."
vegetable (n.): 1582, originally any plant, from vegetable (adj.); specific sense of "plant cultivated for food, edible herb or root" is first recorded 1767. Slang shortening veggie first recorded 1955. The O.E. word was wyrte. Meaning "person who leads a monotonous life" is recorded from 1921. The commonest source of words for vegetables in IE languages are derivatives of words for "green" or "growing" (cf. It., Sp. verdura, Ir. glasraidh, Dan. grøntsager). For a different association, cf. Gk. lakhana, related to lakhaino "to dig."
cholera: late 14c., "choler, bile, melancholy," from L. cholera, from Gk. kholera "a type of disease characterized by diarrhea, supposedly caused by choler" (Celsus), from khole "gall, bile," from khloazein "to be green," from khloros (see Chloe). But another sense of khole was "drainpipe, gutter." Revived 1565 as a name for a severe digestive disorder (rarely fatal to adults); and 1704 (especially as cholera morbus), for a highly lethal disease endemic in India, periodically breaking out in global epidemics.
emerald: c.1300, from O.Fr. emeraude, from M.L. esmaraldus, from L. smaragdus, from Gk. smaragdos "green gem," from Sem. baraq "shine" (cf. Heb. bareqeth "emerald," Arabic barq "lightning"). Skt. maragdam "emerald" is from the same source, as is Pers. zumurrud, whence Turk. zümrüd, source of Rus. izumrud "emerald."
"In early examples the word, like most other names of precious stones, is of vague meaning; the mediæval references to the stone are often based upon the descriptions given by classical writers of the smaragdus, the identity of which with our emerald is doubtful." [OED]
pooh: 1593, "a 'vocal gesture' expressing the action of puffing anything away" [OED], first attested in Hamlet Act I, Scene III, where Polonius addresses Ophelia with, "Affection! pooh! you speak like a green girl, / Unsifted in such perilous circumstance. / Do you believe his tenders, as you call them?" But the "vocal gesture" is perhaps ancient. Among the many 19th century theories of the origin of language was the Pooh-pooh theory (1860), which held that language grew from natural expressions of surprise, joy, pain, or grief. The slang reduplicated verb pooh-pooh "to dismiss lightly and contemptuously" is attested from 1827. Pooh as baby-talk for "excrement" is from 1950s (cf. poop (n.2)).
salad: 1390, from O.Fr. salade (14c.), from V.L. *salata, lit. "salted," short for herba salata "salted vegetables" (vegetables seasoned with brine, a popular Roman dish), from fem. pp. of *salare "to salt," from L. sal (gen. salis) "salt" (see salt). Du. salade, Ger. Salat, Swed. salat, Rus. salat are from Romanic languages. Salad days, "time of youthful inexperience" (on notion of "green") is first recorded 1606 in Shakespeare. Salad bar first attested 1976, Amer.Eng.
pimento: 1690, from Sp. pimiento "green or red pepper," also pimienta "black pepper," from L.L. pigmenta, pl. of pigmentum "vegetable juice," from L. pigmentum "pigment," from stem of pingere "to paint" (see paint). So called because it added a dash of color to food or drink.
"[I]n med.L. spiced drink, hence spice, pepper (generally), Sp. pimiento, Fr. piment are applied to Cayenne or Guinea pepper, capsicum; in Eng. the name has passed to allspice or Jamaica pepper. [OED]
The piece of red sweet pepper stuffed in a pitted olive so called from 1918, earlier pimiento (1901), from Sp.
grass: O.E. græs, gærs "herb, plant, grass," from P.Gmc. grasan (cf. O.N., Ger., Goth. gras), from PIE *ghros- "young shoot, sprout," from base *gro-/*gre- "that which grows" (cf. L. gramen "grass"); related to grow and green. Sense of "marijuana" is first recorded 1938, Amer.Eng. Grasshopper is O.E. gærshoppa (cf. M.Swed. gräshoppare, Ger. Grashüpfer); as a term of reproach, from Eccl. xii.5. Grass widow (1528) was originally "discarded mistress" (cf. Ger. Strohwitwe, lit. "straw-widow"), probably in allusion to casual bedding. Sense of "married woman whose husband is absent" is from 1846.
"[G]rasse wydowes ... be yet as seuerall as a barbours chayre and neuer take but one at onys." [More, 1528]
yellow: O.E. geolu, geolwe, from P.Gmc. *gelwaz (cf. O.S., O.H.G. gelo, M.Du. ghele, Du. geel, M.H.G. gel, Ger. gelb, O.N. gulr, Swed. gul "yellow"), from PIE *ghel-/*ghol- "yellow, green" (see Chloe). The verb meaning "to become yellow" is O.E. geoluwian. Adj. meaning "light-skinned" (of blacks) first recorded 1808. Applied to Asiatics since 1787, though the first recorded reference is to Turkish words for inhabitants of India. Yellow peril translates Ger. die gelbe gefahr. Sense of "cowardly" is 1856, of unknown origin; the color was traditionally associated rather with treachery. Yellow-bellied "cowardly" is from 1924, probably a rhyming reduplication of yellow; earlier yellow-belly was a sailor's name for a half-caste (1867) and a Texas term for Mexican soldiers (1842, based on the color of their uniforms). Yellow dog "mongrel" is attested from c.1770; slang sense of "contemptible person" first recorded 1881.
gold: O.E. gold, from P.Gmc. *gulth- (cf. O.S., O.Fris., O.H.G. gold, Ger. Gold, M.Du. gout, Du. goud, O.N. gull, Dan. guld, Goth. gulþ), from PIE base *ghel-/*ghol- "yellow, green," possibly ult. "bright" (cf. O.C.S. zlato, Rus. zoloto, Skt. hiranyam, O.Pers. daraniya-, Avestan zaranya- "gold;" see Chloe). In reference to the color of the metal, it is recorded from c.1400. Golden replaced M.E. gilden, from O.E. gyldan. Gold is one of the few Mod.Eng. nouns that form adjs. meaning "made of ______" by adding -en (e.g. wooden, leaden, waxen, olden); O.E. also had silfren "made of silver," stænen "made of stone." Goldenrod is 1568; goldfinch is from O.E. goldfinc; goldfish is from 1698, introduced into England from China, where they are native. Gold-digger "woman who pursues men for their money," first recorded 1915. Goldbrick (n.) "shirker" (1914) is World War I armed forces slang, from earlier verb meaning "to swindle, cheat" (1902) from the old con game of selling spurious "gold" bricks. Golden mean "avoidance of excess" translates L. aurea mediocritas (Horace). Golden rule (originally Golden law) so called from 1674.
"Do not do unto others as you would that they should do unto you. Their tastes may not be the same." [George Bernard Shaw, 1898]