Online Etymology Dictionary

Jovian (adj.): 1520s, "of Jove," from Latin Jovis (see Jove) + -ian. Meaning "of the planet Jupiter" is recorded from 1794. Latin Jovianus was a masculine proper name.
jowl (n.1): "jaw," 1570s, alteration of Middle English chawl (late 14c.), chavel (early 14c.), from Old English ceafl, from Proto-Germanic *kefalaz (cf. Middle High German kiver, German kiefer, Old Norse kjoptr "jaw," Danish kæft, Flemish kavel, Dutch kevel "gum"), from PIE *gep(h)- "jaw, mouth" (cf. Old Irish gop, Irish gob "beak, mouth"). The change from ch- to j- has not been explained.
jowl (n.2): "fold of flesh under the jaw," 1590s, alteration of Middle English cholle "fold of flesh hanging from the jaw" (c.1300), perhaps from Old English ceole "throat," from PIE *gwele- "to swallow" (see glut). This word and jowl (n.1) influenced one another in form and sense.
joy (n.): c.1200, "feeling of pleasure and delight;" c.1300, "source of pleasure or happiness," from Old French joie (11c.), from Latin gaudia, plural of gaudium "joy," from gaudere "rejoice," from PIE root *gau- "to rejoice" (cf. Greek gaio "I rejoice," Middle Irish guaire "noble"). Joy-riding is American English, 1908.
Joyce: proper name, earlier Josse, Goce, etc., and originally used of both men and women. Of Celtic origin. Joycean, in reference to the fiction of Irish writer James Joyce (1882-1941) is attested from 1927.
joyful (adj.): mid-13c., from joy + -ful. Related: Joyfully; joyfulness.
joyless (adj.): mid-14c., from joy + -less. Related: Joylessly; joylessness.
joyous (adj.): c.1300, from Anglo-French joyous, Old French joios "happy, cheerful, merry, glad" (12c., Modern French joyeux), from joie (see joy). Related: Joyously; joyousness.
joystick (n.): also joy stick, 1910, aviators' slang for the control lever of an airplane, from joy + stick (n.).
Juan: masc. proper name, Spanish form of John.
jubate (adj.): "having a mane," 1826, from Latin jubatus "maned," from juba "mane."
jubilance (n.): 1860; see jubilant + -ance.
jubilant (adj.): 1660s, from Latin jubilantem (nominative jubilans), present participle of jubilare "to call to someone," in Christian writers, "to shout for joy," related to jubilum "wild shout." First attested in Milton. Related: Jubilantly.
jubilate (v.): "make a joyful noise," 1640s, from Latin jubilatus, past participle of jubilare (see jubilant). Related: Jubilated; jubilating.
jubilation (n.): late 14c., from Old French jubilacion "jubilation, rejoicing," and directly from Latin jubilationem (nominative jubilatio), noun of action from past participle stem of jubilare (see jubilant).
jubilee (n.): late 14c., in the Old Testament sense, from Old French jubileu "jubille; anniversary; rejoicing," from Late Latin jubilaeus "the jubilee year," originally an adjective, "of the jubilee," altered (by association with Latin jubilare "to shout with joy") from Greek iabelaios, from iobelos, from Hebrew yobhel "jubilee," formerly "a trumpet, ram's horn," literally "ram."

The original notion was of a year of emancipation of slaves and restoration of lands, to be celebrated every 50th year (Levit. xxv:9); it was proclaimed by the sounding of a ram's horn on the Day of Atonement. The Catholic Church sense of "a period for remission of sin penalties in exchange for pilgrimages, alms, etc." was begun in 1300 by Boniface VIII. The general sense of "season of rejoicing" is first recorded mid-15c., though through early 20c. the word kept its specific association with 50th anniversaries. As a type of African-American folk song, it is attested from 1872.
Judah: masc. proper name, biblical son of Jacob by Leah, also the name of a tribe of Israel, from Hebrew Yehudah, from stem of y-d-h, literally "praised."
Judaic (adj.): 1610s, from Middle French judaïque (15c.), and directly from Latin Iudaicus, from Greek Ioudaikos, from Ioudaios "Jew" (see Jew). Earlier in same sense was Judaical (late 15c.).
Judaism (n.): c.1400 (attested in Anglo-Latin from mid-13c.), from Old French Judaisme and directly from Late Latin Judaismus (Tertullian), from Greek Ioudaismos, from Ioudaios "Jew" (see Jew). The Anglo-Latin reference is from a special tax levied on the Jews of England. Earlier in same sense was Juhede "Jewish faith, Judaism," literally "Jew-hood" (early 14c.).
Judas: biblical betrayer of Christ, Latin form of Greek Ioudas, from Hebrew Yehudha (see Judah). As a name for a malicious traitor, it is attested from late 15c. Judas priest as an exclamation in place of "Jesus Christ" is from 1914. Judas tree (1660s) supposedly was the type from which Judas hanged himself. The Judas goat (1941) leads sheep to the shackling pen.
Jude: masc. proper name, Hellenized form of Judah (q.v.), maintained in the Bible for the names of two disciples of Christ, to distinguish them from Judas (q.v.).
Judea: from Latin Judaea, from Judah (see Judah).
judge (v.): c.1300, "to form an opinion about; make a decision," also "to try and pronounce sentence upon (someone) in a court," from Anglo-French juger, Old French jugier "to judge, pronounce judgment; pass an opinion on," from Latin iudicare "to judge, to examine officially; form an opinion upon; pronounce judgment," from iudicem (nominative iudex) "a judge," a compound of ius "right, law" (see just (adj.)) + root of dicere "to say" (see diction). Related: Judged; judging. From mid-14c. as "to regard, consider." The Old English word was deman (see doom). Spelling with -dg- emerged mid-15c.
judge (n.): mid-14c. (early 13c. as a surname), also judge-man; see judge (v.). In Hebrew history, it refers to a war leader vested with temporary power (e.g. Book of Judges), from Latin iudex being used to translate Hebrew shophet.
judgement (n.): see judgment. Related: Judgemental.
judgeship (n.): 1670s, from judge (n.) + -ship.
judgment (n.): mid-13c., "action of trying at law, trial," also "capacity for making decisions," from Old French jugement "legal judgment; diagnosis; the Last Judgment" (11c.), from jugier (see judge (v.)). From late 13c. as "penalty imposed by a court;" early 14c. as "any authoritative decision, verdict." From c.1300 in referfence to the Last Judgment. Also from c.1300 as "opinion." Sense of "discernment" is first recorded 1530s.
judgmental (adj.): 1892, from judgment + -al (1). Meaning "inclined to make moral judgments" is attested from 1952. Related: Judgmentally.
judicable (adj.): 1640s, from Late Latin iudicabilis, from iudicare "to judge," which is related to iudicem (see judge (v.)).
judication (n.): 1620s, from Latin iudicationem (nominative iudicatio), noun of action from past participle stem of iudicare "to judge," related to iudicem (see judge (v.)).
judicative (adj.): 1640s, from Latin iudicat-, past participle stem of iudicare "to judge," which is related to iudicem (see judge (v.)) + -ive.
judicatory (n.): 1570s, from French judicatoire, from Late Latin iudicatorius "judicial, pertaining to judgment," from iudicat-, past participle stem of Latin iudicare "to judge" (see judge (v.)).
judicature (n.): 1520s, from Medieval Latin iudicatura, from iudicat-, past participle stem of Latin iudicare "to judge" (see judge (v.)).
judicial (adj.): late 14c., from Latin iudicalis "of or belonging to a court of justice," from iudicium "judgment, decision," from iudicem (see judge (v.)). Related: Judicially.
judiciary (adj.): "relating to courts," early 15c., from Latin iudiciarius "of or belonging to a court of justice," from iudicium "judgment," from iudicem (see judge (v.)). The noun meaning "a body of judges, judges collectively" is from 1802 (judicature was used in this sense from 1590s).
judicious (adj.): 1590s, "having sound judgment," from Middle French judicieux (16c.), from Latin iudicium "judgment," from iudicem (see judge (v.)). Meaning "careful, prudent" is from c.1600. Related: Judiciously; judiciousness.
Judith: fem. proper name, from Latin, from Greek Ioudith, from Hebrew Yehudith, fem. of Yehudh "Jewish, Jewess," from Yehudha (see Judah). Judy is a pet form of it.
judo (n.): 1889, from Japanese judo, from ju "softness, gentleness" (from Chinese jou "soft, gentle") + do "way, art," from Chinese tao "way." "A refined form of ju-jitsu introduced in 1882 by Dr. Jigoro Kano, using principles of movement and balance, and practiced as a sport or form of physical exercise" [OED].
Judy: pet form of Judith. Figurative uses often are from the Punch and Judy puppet show.
jug (n.): "deep vessel for carrying liquids," late 15c., jugge, variant of jubbe, of unknown origin, perhaps from jug "a low woman, a maidservant" (mid-16c.), a familiar alteration of a common personal name, Joan or Judith. Use as a musical instrument is attested from 1946. Jughead "klutz" is from 1926; jughandle "tight curved road used for turns" is from 1961. Jugs for "woman's breasts" first recorded 1920 in Australian slang, short for milk jugs.
jug band (n.): musical ensemble in which the bass line is carried or augmented by a player blowing on the open lip of a jug (n.), 1886, American English.
Jugendstil (n.): German equivalent of art nouveau, from "Jugend," literally "youth," name of a German magazine begun in 1896 + stil "style."
juggernaut (n.): 1630s, "huge wagon bearing an image of the god Krishna," especially that at the town of Puri, drawn annually in procession in which (apocryphally) devotees allowed themselves to be crushed under its wheels in sacrifice. Altered from Jaggernaut, a title of Krishna (an incarnation of Vishnu), from Hindi Jagannath, literally "lord of the world," from Sanskrit jagat "world" (literally "moving," present participle of *jagati "he goes," from PIE *gwa- "to go, come" (see come (v.)) + natha-s "lord, master," from nathate "he helps, protects," from PIE *na- "to help." The first European description of the festival is by Friar Odoric (c.1321). Figurative sense of "anything that demands blind devotion or merciless sacrifice" is from 1854.
juggle (v.): late 14c., "entertain by clowning or doing tricks," back-formation from juggler and in part from Old French jogler "play tricks, sing songs," from Late Latin ioculare (source of Italian giocolare), from Latin ioculari "to jest" (see jocular). Related: Juggled; juggling.
juggler (n.): c.1100, iugulere "jester, buffoon," also "wizard, sorcerer," from Old English geogelere "magician, conjurer," also from Anglo-French jogelour, Old French jogleor (accusative), from Latin ioculatorem (nominative ioculator) "joker," from ioculari "to joke, to jest" (see jocular). Connecting notion between "magician" and "juggler" is dexterity.
Jugoslavia: see Yugoslavia. Related: Jugoslav; Jugoslavian.
jugular (adj.): 1590s, "pertaining to the throat or neck" (especially in reference to the great veins of the neck), from Modern Latin jugularis, from Latin iugulum "collarbone, throat, neck," diminutive of iugum "yoke," related to iungere "to join," from PIE *yeug- "to join" (cf. Sanskrit yugam "yoke," yunjati "binds, harnesses," yogah "union;" Hittite yugan "yoke;" Greek zygon "yoke," zeugnyanai "to join, unite;" Old Church Slavonic igo, Old Welsh iou "yoke;" Lithuanian jungas "yoke," jungiu "fastened in a yoke;" Old English geoc "yoke;" probably also Latin iuxta "close by"). As a noun, 1610s, from the adjective.
juice (n.): c.1300, "liquid extract obtained by boiling herbs," from Old French jus "juice, sap, liquid" (13c.), from Latin ius "broth, sauce, juice," from PIE root *yeue- "to blend, mix food" (cf. Sanskrit yus- "broth," Greek zyme "a leaven," Old Church Slavonic jucha "broth, soup," Lithuanian juse "fish soup"). Meaning "liquor" is from 1828; that of "electricity" is first recorded 1896.
juice (v.): 1630s, "to suffuse with juice," from juice (n.). Meaning "to enliven" attested by 1964; juiced "drunk" attested by 1946; in reference to steroids, by 2003. Related: Juiced; juicing.
juicer (n.): agent noun from juice (v.). From 1928 as "electrician," by 1967 as "alcoholic;" from 1938 as the name of an appliance for extracting juice.